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Date: 8/12/06
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The connection of Iran, Syria, with the Ottoman Islamic Empire
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانيه Devlet-i Âliye-i
Osmâniyye; literally, "The Sublime Ottoman State"), also sometimes known in the West as the Turkish Empire, existed from 1299 to 1923.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia
Anatolia land is the Ottoman Empire country
[Edit by Julian August 12, 2006:
Anatolia land is the Ottoman Empire country and origin; it is modern Turkey. The goal of this Empire is to takeover Africa, and the middle east and to cleanse it from the Jews and the Christians. The Ottoman Empire is reviving as it shows in the crises of the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and America. This Empire is working secretly with the Islamic world for many years. This Empire is united with Syria since its collapse in 1923 and with the Albaath Syrian organization, Iran, and it is reviving in Turkey during the twentieth century. The hidden agenda of the Ottoman Empire is to invade the Middle East: Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Kiewit, Iraq, Afghanistan, India, Iran, Lebanon, Israel, Libya, Algeria, Africa and par of Europe. The Empire causes the crises in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe, and America. In July 2006, the Empire declares publicly its power on the (Alj a z I ra) Arabic TV by the president of Turkey, Syria, and Iran.
The new name of the Ottoman Empire is The Greater United Islamic nations. The July 12/2006 war in Lebanon is between Iranian Syrian power Against Israel. The war is not with the Israel and the Lebanese government.
The goal of this war is to revive the 1878 Lebanese civil war, which was triggered by the Syrian Iranian politic to destroy the Christians in the Middle east.
But this religious war didnt expand as Syria and Irans expected. The Islamic world didnt share in this war.
The Syrian Iranian governments enforced its power to revive this war in the twentieth century to achieve their goal. The Ottoman Empire is the chief power of this religious war. Turkey is partaking with this empire after illuminating the Ottoman power in 1923.
The United Nations with the Help of France, America, and England are helping to achieve peace and to stop this religious war that may expand to the Worlds War Three.
The 1978 Lebanese civil war is to illuminate the Christians and their Catholic government; and to replace it by Islamic government instead. The second step is to use Lebanon as a battlefield to illuminate the Jews from Israel and to replace it by Islamic government also. Then cleansing the entire Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Turkey from the Jews and the Christians.
You may read about the connection of Iran, Syria, with the Ottoman Empire in the following articles.
Edit ends]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانيه Devlet-i Âliye-i Osmâniyye; literally,
"The Sublime Ottoman State"), also sometimes known in the West as the Turkish Empire, existed from 1299 to 1923. At the height of its power in the 16th and 17th centuries, its territory included Anatolia, the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus. It comprised an area of about 5.6 million km²[1] (though if adjoining territories where the empire's suzerainty was recognised, dominated mainly by nomadic tribes, are included it controlled a much larger area).
The empire interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures throughout its 624-year history.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, with the powers of eastern Europe constantly threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans, the Kingdom of Hungary and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its navy was also a powerful force in the Mediterranean. On several occasions, the Ottoman army invaded central Europe, laying siege to Vienna in 1529 and again in 1683 in an attempt to conquer the Habsburg domain, and was finally repulsed only by great coalitions of European powers at sea and on land. It was the only non-European power to seriously challenge the rising power of the West between the 15th and 20th centuries, eventually becoming an integral part of European balance of power politics, hence blurring the distinctions.
The dissolution of the empire was a direct consequence of World War I, when the Allied Powers defeated the Central Powers in Europe as well as the Ottoman forces in the Middle Eastern theatre. At the end of the war, the Ottoman government collapsed and was divided among the victorious powers. Subsequent years saw the declaration of new states from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Republic of Turkey was one of them. The new republic declared most of the former ruling elite, including the Ottoman Dynasty, persona non grata. In 1974, after 50 years, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey granted the right to re-acquire Turkish citizenship to the descendants of the former ruling dynasty, (Ertuğrul Osman V, head of the House of Ottoman, repatriated in 2004).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities,
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language
Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish: لسان عثمانی - lisân-i Osmânî) is the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. It contains extensive borrowings from Persian, which itself has been permeated with Arabic borrowings; as a result of this process, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less educated members of society. Ultimately, however, spoken Turkish would come to be greatly influenced by Ottoman Turkish.
That Ottoman Turkish's Arabic borrowings were not the result of the direct exposure of the language to Arabic is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin. In addition, the conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings suggests that the Arabic-enriched Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the northeast of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Turkic tribes under Islam. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persianate character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar. In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey
Eliminating the ruling elite of Ottomans from the Republic
After the Turkish War of Independence (1919 - 1923), the newly established Republic of Turkey presented a list of 600 names to the Conference of Lausanne, which were to be declared as persona non grata. Later, a list comprising only 150 of these were included in the Treaty of Lausanne. The list (known as Yüzellilikler in Turkish, literally, Hundredandfiftyers), which is a who is who in the Ottoman Empire, had the purpose of eliminating the ruling elite of Ottomans from the Republic.
The list is famous as it became the center of discussions of the nature of the new Republic: mainly, whether the Republic was to remain a continuation of the old Empire or not. The list has served as a proof that the administration and ideologists of the Empire were not transferred to Republic. The formation of this list is also related to studies analyzing the jurisdictional conflict between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and Ottoman Empire. It has to be remembered that these powers were fighting each other for their existence, as they were both active (using diplomatic and military means) until the Conference of Lausanne. On June 28, 1938 the law restricting the entry of these people into Turkey was lifted, with the return of only a few on the list. The list with 150 names is as follows (the titles given in Ottoman Turkish), with the longer list of 600 names never made public:
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Ottoman Empire connection with Persia = "Iran" and Syria
http://www.san.beck.org/1-10-Ottoman1300-1730.html
BECK index
Ottoman and Persian Empires 1300-1730
Ottoman Empire to 1451
Ottoman Empire 1451-1520
Ottoman Empire Under Sulayman
Ottoman Empire 1566-1617
Ottoman Empire 1617-1730
Persia in the 14th Century
Timur and the Timurids
Safavid Persian Empire This chapter has been published in the book Middle East & Africa to 1875.
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Ottoman Empire to 1451 The origins of the Ottomans are indicated by early tales of the Oghuz and Turks attributed to the soothsayer Dede Korkut. According to historian Rashid al-Din (d. 1318), Dede Korkut went on an embassy for Oghuz khan Inal Syr Yavkuy to the prophet Muhammad and was converted to Islam but lived to be 295 years old. The Oghuz migrated west from the Altai mountains and Lake Baikal to the Caspian Sea region. They became Muslims and helped the Seljuq family conquer Persia and Anatolia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The army of the early Ottoman dynasty was mostly Oghuz. The Book of Dede Korkut was finalized about 1400 but describes the primitive life of the early warriors in heroic terms. The Oghuz warriors prided themselves on telling the truth, courage in battle, and family loyalty.
They were devoted to the one God of their Muslim religion and had no qualms about "cutting off heads" and taking booty from infidels. Even a princess could fight in battle or wrestle a prospective husband. The wisdom of Dede Korkut noted, "When a man has wealth as massive as the black mountain, he piles it up and gathers it in and seeks more, but he can eat no more than his portion."2
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Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) was a religious critic in Syria and Egypt. He was arrested at various places for his decrees and writings, and he spent the last two years of his life in prison at Damascus. In his Book on Religious Law he argued that Islam is superior to Judaism and Christianity, because the religious duty of commanding right and forbidding wrong is made effective by the power and authority of a leader (imam). Yet the ruler is morally and legally obligated to consult with others, and even the executive is subordinate to Islamic law.
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Traveler Ibn Battuta called Orkhan the greatest of the Turkman kings, noting that his wealth included a hundred fortresses. Orkhan defeated the Byzantine army of Andronicus III at Pelekanon in 1329 and took over Nicaea two years later. Raiding in the Aegean Sea by a Turkish navy led by Umur Bey caused the Christian nations to begin planning a crusade in 1332. Nicomedia fell to the Turks in 1337.
The Ottomans tolerated Christians, but only Muslims were obligated to serve in the military and thus could have tenure over tax-free land. While Orkhan led the military conquests, Ala-ed-Din organized the Ottoman government in a civilized way.
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The Ottomans encouraged immigration, and many nomad Turks settled in Europe. The motive of holy war (ghaza) Gaza continually expanded their empire into Christian lands; but they needed a legal decree (fatwa) from an Islamic cleric ('ulama) to justify attacking other Muslims.
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When Greeks surrendered the castle at Argos to the Ottomans in 1463, Venice counter-attacked, launching a war with the Ottoman empire that would last until 1479. Venetians tried to assassinate Mehmed II fourteen times. By 1468 Mehmed had annexed the Anatolian territory of Karaman, but in 1471 Persian ruler Uzun Hasan invaded Anatolia and the next year joined the alliance with Venice, Cyprus, and the Knights of Rhodes, pillaging the city of Tokat. Mehmed gathered his Turkish army of perhaps a hundred thousand and defeated the Persian forces at Bashkent, causing Uzun Hasan to make peace. After having faced the Persian threat, the Crimea became a vassal state of the Ottomans in 1475.
Mehmed turned west and approached Venice, besieging the castle at Scutari in 1474 and 1478. Venice finally surrendered Scutari, Croia, and the islands of Lemnos and Negroponte (Euboea) to the Ottomans for trading rights. Venice also agreed to pay 100,000 gold ducats and 10,000 a year, but the latter was canceled in 1482 by Bayezid II. In 1480 the Turks even crossed over to the heel of Italy as they attacked Otranto. They ruined the city of Rhodes but were unable to take it from its valiant knights. Bellini painted a portrait of Mehmed while he was ill before the sultan died in 1481.
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Tumar Bay had already sent 10,000 men to reconquer Gaza. They were met by 5,000 Janissaries led by Sinan Pasha, and using superior fire-power they scattered the Mamluks. Selim joined Sinan Pasha, and together they conquered Cairo and hanged Tumar Bay in 1517. The former Mamluk governor Khayr Bey was named pasha of Egypt, and on the way home to Istanbul a rebellion in Anatolia was crushed by Selim's army. In 1520 Selim's son Sulayman inherited a vastly enlarged Ottoman empire.
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. After Pasha Khayr Bey died in Egypt in 1522, his successor Pasha Ahmed rebelled with Mamluk begs and Arab chieftains against the Janissaries to make himself independent. After this revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman forces, grand vizier Ibrahim implemented extensive administrative reforms by 1525 that established Ottoman government in Egypt that would last nearly three centuries.
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. Delayed by rains and floods, Sulayman's Ottoman army had to abandon the siege of Vienna in October 1529; about 40,000 Turks and 20,000 Christians were killed in the useless war. Sulayman led a campaign against the imperial forces in 1532 but encountered stubborn resistance by the town of Guns. The Akinjis and the Tatar allies plundered Styria in Austria as Sulayman retreated back to Belgrade. Ferdinand sent an envoy and was granted a truce in 1533. Meanwhile Persian shah Tahmasp (r. 1524-76) was fighting off rivalries with his own brothers and Turkmen emirs. In Kurdistan the khan of Bitlis was fighting for the Shah, and the Persian governor of Baghdad was murdered before Ottoman aid could reach him.
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In 1568 he made a treaty with the Habsburg emperor and sent an Ottoman army to attack Astrakhan and to dig a canal between the Don and Volga rivers to unite the Ottoman Black Sea with the Caspian Sea. Astrakhan on the mouth of the Volga on the Caspian Sea had fallen to the Muscovites in 1554 and could not be taken, as the Crimean Tatar khan Devlet Ghiray (r. 1551-77) also opposed them; thus the canal project failed. A similar project at Suez was abandoned because of a revolt in Yemen. The Ottoman navy tried to help the Moors against Spain in North Africa. Istanbul renewed its treaty with Venice in 1567, but then the mufti Abu'l Su'ud issued a fatwa decreeing that treaties could be broken to retake lands that had once been Muslim. A Portuguese Jew and financier, Joseph Nasi, persuaded Selim to attack Cyprus for its fine wine and gold ducats, and Sokollu's objections to taking on Venice were to no avail. Sokollu's rivals Lala Mustafa commanded the army and Piala Pasha the fleet. Nicosia was taken by 50,000 Ottomans in six weeks; but Farmagusta, the second fortress on Cyprus, held out for eleven months before surrendering.
Mustafa accused Bragadino of torturing Ottoman prisoners and had him tortured to death. Pope Pius V formed another holy League with Spain and Venice in 1571 for the thirteenth crusade against the Ottoman Turks with two hundred galleys including six large galleasses. The Turkish fleet was even larger and sailed out of the Gulf of Lepanto only to be badly defeated by the Christians, who had superior artillery. About 230 Ottoman galleys were sunk or captured, while the Christian alliance lost only fifteen galleys and half as many men as the Turks. Selim reacted by ordering the Spaniards and Venetians in his empire executed; but Sokollu canceled that horrendous edict. By 1572 a new Ottoman fleet of 250 ships with eight galleasses was built and deterred the Christians from trying to retake Cyprus. Venice made a treaty, ceding the island of Cyprus. Tunis had been taken along with Cyprus but was lost the next year to the navy of the Lepanto victor, John of Austria; but now Uluz 'Ali Pasha recaptured the La Goletta fortress, and Tunis became part of the Ottoman province that included Algiers and Tripoli. In 1578 Fez was captured from the Portuguese. In 1574 Moldavia led by Ivan Ivonia revolted with help from Polish grandees and Zaporozhian Cossacks; the Ottomans suppressed this with aid from the Crimean Tatars led by 'Adil Giray.
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When Osman planned a pilgrimage to Mecca through Anatolia, the Janissaries and the sipahi officers gathered at the Hippodrome and then plundered palaces. Osman and the grand vizier Dilawar Pasha were killed. Mustafa was put back on the throne; but provincial governors refused to recognize him or send in taxes. After fifteen months the nobles deposed him again and enthroned his young nephew Murad IV (r. 1623-40). Army pay riots broke out in 1622 and 1631, and Istanbul was looted. Murad managed to find some money to pay off the Janissaries. The revolts spread to eastern Anatolia, Yemen, Crimea, Syria, Egypt, and other provinces. Erzurum governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha massacred Janissaries in eastern Anatolia, but in 1628 he was mollified by being made governor of Bosnia.
In 1621 Bakr Subashi killed his rival Muhammad Qanbar and took control of Baghdad. When he asked Istanbul to let him be pasha, Diyar Bakr governor Hafiz Ahmed was sent to restore Ottoman authority. Bakr Subashi appealed to Persian shah Abbas, who invaded Iraq. Hafiz Ahmed withdrew the Turkish troops and recognized Bakr. The Persians besieged Baghdad in 1624 with the support of Bakr's son Muhammad. Bakr Subashi was executed, and the Persians persecuted the Sunnis. The Ottoman army tried to retake Baghdad in 1625 and again in 1630 but failed.
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Mustafa II lived in Edirne, and in 1703 unpaid armorers led a military revolt that was sanctioned by the 'ulama and forced him to abdicate in favor of his brother Ahmed III (r. 1703-30). The confiscated estates of the previous regime gave the Janissaries their largest bonus ever. Chorlulu Ali had governed Syria well and served as grand vizier 1706-10. Sweden's Charles XII fled from Peter's Russian army in 1709 and took refuge in the Bender fortress on the Dniester. The Sultan refused to extradite Charles to Russia because of the tradition of hospitality. A palace intrigue removed Chorlulu but spared his life. Despite an Egyptian revolt, Istanbul declared war on Russia in 1711. Serb Christians, who had already been fighting Muslims, joined Peter's war to liberate Balkan Christians. The smaller Russian army was surrounded by the Turks and surrendered. Peter had to give back Azov, demolish his Dnieper and Taganrog fortresses, withdraw his army from Poland, and allow Charles to return to Sweden
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Timur conquered India in 1398. After returning to Samarqand, the next year he ravaged Georgia. In 1400 Timur took Sivas from the Ottomans and captured Aleppo from the Mamluks in Syria. The next year Chaghatai warriors pillaged both Damascus and Baghdad. In 1402 Timur clashed with the Ottoman army near Ankara, captured Sultan Bayezid, and kept him in a cage, demanding a ransom of 9,000 gold florins. Timur then captured the Smyrna stronghold of the Knights of St. John. Having overcome the rulers of the Golden Horde, Persia, India, the Mamluks, and the Ottomans, Timur turned his ambition to China, where the Mongol dynasty had been overthrown in 1368, and now the first Ming emperor had just died. He held an assembly near Samarqand in September 1404 and then marched east in the winter cold; but after three days of drinking wine, Timur died on February 18, 1405.
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